Solar panels harness the power of sunlight and turn it into electricity. When sunlight hits the panels, the photovoltaic cells convert it into direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter then transforms this DC electricity into usable alternating current (AC), ready to power your home. It’s a simple, clean, and efficient way to generate renewable energy.

The Science

The process by which PV cells convert sunlight into electricity is known as the photovoltaic effect. Here’s how it works: Sunlight is made up of particles of energy called photons. When photons strike the surface of a PV cell, they knock electrons loose from their atoms within the cell’s silicon layers. This movement of electrons generates a flow of electricity, known as direct current (DC).

1. Sunlight Hits the Panels

When the sun shines on solar panels, they soak up the light like a sponge.

2. Energizing Electrons

Inside the panels are tiny cells that get excited by the sunlight, causing electrons (tiny particles) to start moving around.

3. Creating Electricity

As these electrons move, they create an electric current. Think of it like water flowing through a pipe—it’s now ready to power your home.

4. Conversion to Usable Power

This electricity starts as direct current (DC), but your home uses alternating current (AC). So, an inverter steps in to change DC into AC, making it usable for your appliances.

5. Powering Your Home

Now, this clean energy flows into your home, powering everything from your lights to your fridge. If you make more than you need, the extra can go back to the grid, possibly earning you some credit.

Many PV cells are connected together to form a solar panel. These cells sit between layers of protective materials, with glass on the front to allow sunlight through while shielding the cells from the elements. Manufacturers apply an anti-reflective coating to the surface to reduce light loss and ensure maximum sunlight absorption.